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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Pungitius</i></h1>
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<th><i>Pungitius</i>
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<p><a href="Neunstachliger_Stichling" title="Neunstachliger Stichling">Neunstachliger Stichling</a> (<i>Pungitius pungitius</i>)
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<th><a href="Systematik_(Biologie)" title="Systematik (Biologie)">Systematik</a>
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<td><a href="Barschverwandte" title="Barschverwandte">Barschverwandte</a> (Percomorphaceae)
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<td><i><a href="Ordnung_(Biologie)" title="Ordnung (Biologie)">Ordnung</a>:</i>
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<td><a href="Barschartige" title="Barschartige">Barschartige</a> (Perciformes)
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<td><i><a href="Ordnung_(Biologie)" title="Ordnung (Biologie)">Unterordnung</a>:</i>
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<td><a href="Cottoidei" title="Cottoidei">Cottoidei</a>
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<td><i><a href="Ordnung_(Biologie)" title="Ordnung (Biologie)">Teilordnung</a>:</i>
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<td><a href="Stichlingsartige" title="Stichlingsartige">Stichlingsartige</a> (Gasterosteales)
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<td><i><a href="Familie_(Biologie)" title="Familie (Biologie)">Familie</a>:</i>
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<td><a href="Stichlinge" title="Stichlinge">Stichlinge</a> (Gasterosteidae)
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<td><i><a href="Gattung_(Biologie)" title="Gattung (Biologie)">Gattung</a>:</i>
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<td><i>Pungitius</i>
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<th><a href="Nomenklatur_(Biologie)" title="Nomenklatur (Biologie)">Wissenschaftlicher Name</a>
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<td class="taxo-name"><i>Pungitius</i>
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<td class="Person"><a href="Jean_Victor_Coste" title="Jean Victor Coste">Coste</a>, 1848
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<p><i><b>Pungitius</b></i> ist eine Gattung aus der Familie der <a href="Stichlinge" title="Stichlinge">Stichlinge</a>. Typusart ist der <a href="Neunstachliger_Stichling" title="Neunstachliger Stichling">Neunstachlige Stichling</a> und Europa <a href="Terra_typica" title="Terra typica">Terra typica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-paepke_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paepke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bei den in der <a href="Holarktis" title="Holarktis">Holarktis</a> verbreiteten Fischen handelt es sich überwiegend um Süßwasserbewohner, einige Populationen dringen aber auch ins <a href="Brackwasser" title="Brackwasser">Brack-</a> und seltener auch ins <a href="Salzwasser" title="Salzwasser">Salzwasser</a> vor. Gegenüber widrigen Umweltbedingungen sind sie äußerst robust und so ist eine <i>Pungitius</i>-Art häufig alleiniger Besiedler von Kleinstgewässern oder kommt dort zusammen mit nur wenigen anderen Fischarten vor.<sup id="cite_ref-BanaPaepke_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BanaPaepke-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Merkmale">Merkmale</h2></div>
<p>Die Vertreter dieser Gattung tragen sieben bis zwölf kurze Rückenstacheln die, außer bei einer Art, abwechselnd links und rechts der Rückenmitte stehen. Die <a href="Bauchflosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauchflosse">Bauchflossen</a> tragen jeweils einen Stachel- und einen Weichstrahl. Ein kürzerer gebogener Stachel steht am Anfang der <a href="Afterflosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Afterflosse">Afterflosse</a>. Die aus Knochenplatten gebildete Seitenbeschilderung ist nicht bei allen Populationen vollständig ausgebildet. Der <a href="Beckeng%C3%BCrtel" class="mw-redirect" title="Beckengürtel">Beckengürtel</a> ist äußerlich sichtbar und besteht aus einem Bauchschild mit seitlichen Fortsätzen.<sup id="cite_ref-BanaPaepke_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BanaPaepke-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematik">Systematik</h2></div>
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<small>Kladogramm nach Takahashi et al. und Shikano et al.<sup id="cite_ref-Takahashi_et_al_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takahashi_et_al-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shikano_et_al_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shikano_et_al-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div>
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<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">&nbsp;<i>Pungitius</i>&nbsp;
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<p><i>Pungitius kaibarae</i>
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<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
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<p><i>Pungitius bussei</i>
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<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
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<p><i><a href="Pungitius_polyakovi" title="Pungitius polyakovi">Pungitius polyakovi</a></i>
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<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
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<p><a href="Sachalin-Stichling" title="Sachalin-Stichling">Sachalin-Stichling</a> (<i>Pungitius&nbsp;tymensis</i>)
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<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
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<p><i><a href="Pungitius_sinensis" title="Pungitius sinensis">Pungitius sinensis</a></i>
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<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
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<p><a href="S%C3%BCdlicher_Neunstachliger_Stichling" title="Südlicher Neunstachliger Stichling">Südlicher&nbsp;Neunstachliger&nbsp;Stichling</a> (<i>Pungitius platygaster</i>)
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<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
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<p><i>Pungitius laevis</i>
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<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
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<p><i>Pungitius laevis</i> Klade 2 = <i>Pungitius vulgaris</i>
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<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
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<p><a href="Neunstachliger_Stichling" title="Neunstachliger Stichling">Neunstachliger&nbsp;Stichling</a> (<i>Pungitius pungitius</i>)
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<p>Wie es für Stichlinge nicht ungewöhnlich ist, umfasst die Gattung eine große Zahl mehr oder weniger unterschiedlicher Populationen. Deren starke Variabilität macht, ähnlich wie bei <i><a href="Gasterosteus" title="Gasterosteus">Gasterosteus</a></i>, eine Systematisierung schwierig.
</p><p>Folgende Arten können auch durch DNA-Vergleiche unterschieden werden:
</p>

<ul><li><a href="Neunstachliger_Stichling" title="Neunstachliger Stichling">Neunstachliger Stichling</a> (<i>Pungitius pungitius</i>)</li>
<li><i>Pungitius bussei</i></li>
<li><a href="Griechischer_Neunstachliger_Stichling" title="Griechischer Neunstachliger Stichling">Griechischer Neunstachliger Stichling</a> (<i>Pungitius hellenicus</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Keivany_&amp;_Nelson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keivany_&amp;_Nelson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Pungitius kaibarae</i></li>
<li><i>Pungitius laevis</i><sup id="cite_ref-Denys_et_al_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denys_et_al-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><i>Pungitius modestus</i><sup id="cite_ref-Matsumoto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matsumoto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="S%C3%BCdlicher_Neunstachliger_Stichling" title="Südlicher Neunstachliger Stichling">Südlicher Neunstachliger Stichling</a> (<i>Pungitius platygaster</i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="Pungitius_polyakovi" title="Pungitius polyakovi">Pungitius polyakovi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Pungitius_sinensis" title="Pungitius sinensis">Pungitius sinensis</a></i></li>
<li><i>Pungitius stenurus</i></li>
<li><a href="Sachalin-Stichling" title="Sachalin-Stichling">Sachalin-Stichling</a> (<i>Pungitius tymensis</i>)</li>
<li><i>Pungitius vulgaris</i><sup id="cite_ref-Denys_et_al_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denys_et_al-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belege">Belege</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-paepke-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-paepke_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Joachim Paepke: <i>Die Stichlinge: Gasterosteidae</i>, Westarp Wissenschaften, Magdeburg 1996, ISBN 3-89432-492-9. S. 42</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BanaPaepke-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BanaPaepke_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BanaPaepke_2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Petru M. Bănărescu, Hans-Joachim Paepke: <i>The Freshwater Fishes of Europe</i>, Aula-Verlag, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-89104-658-8. (Volume 5. Cyprinidae 2, Part III: Rhodeus to Capoeta; Gastorosteidae). S. 257</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Takahashi_et_al-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Takahashi_et_al_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Hiroshi Takahashi, Peter R. Møller, Sergei V. Shedko, Temirbekov Ramatulla, Sang-Rin Joen, Chun-Guang Zhang, Valentina G. Sideleva, Keisuke Takata, Harumi Sakai, Akira Gotoi, Mutsumi Nishida: <i>Species phylogeny and diversification process of Northeast Asian </i>Pungitius<i> revealed by AFLP and mtDNA markers.</i> Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2016, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.022" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.022">doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.022</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Shikano_et_al-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shikano_et_al_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang, C., Shikano, T., Persat, H. &amp; Merilä, J. (2015): <i>Mitochondrial phylogeography and cryptic divergence in the stickleback genus Pungitius.</i> Journal of Biogeography, Volume 42, Issue 12, Seiten 2334–2348, December 2015, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12591" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1111/jbi.12591">DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12591</a> * Yazdan Keivany &amp; <a href="Joseph_S._Nelson" title="Joseph S. Nelson">Joseph S. Nelson</a> (2000): <i>Taxonomic review of the genus </i>Pungitius<i> (Gasterosteidae).</i> Cybium v. 24 (no. 2): 107–122. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Keivany_&amp;_Nelson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Keivany_&amp;_Nelson_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yazdan Keivany, Joseph S. Nelson: <i>Taxonomic review of the genus Pungitius, ninespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae)</i> in Cybium, Revue Internationale d’Ichtyologie, Band 24, Nr. 2, 2000. S. 107–122 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnhn.fr/sfi/cybium/numeros/pdf/242pdf/01.Keivany.pdf">Download</a> Englisch, PDF)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Denys_et_al-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Denys_et_al_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Denys_et_al_6-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Denys, G.P.J., Persat, H., Dettai, A., Geiger, M.F., Freyhof, J., Fesquet, J. &amp; Keith, P. (2017): <i>Genetic and morphological discrimination of three species of ninespined stickleback Pungitius spp. (Teleostei, Gasterosteidae) in France with the revalidation of </i>Pungitius vulgaris<i> (Mauduyt, 1848).</i> Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 21 Sep. 2017. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12178" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1111/jzs.12178">DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12178</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Matsumoto-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Matsumoto_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tatsuya Matsumoto, Matsuura, K. &amp; Hanzawa, N. (2021): <i>A new species of nine-spined stickleback, Pungitius modestus (Gasterosteiformes, Gasterosteidae), from northern Honshu, Japan.</i> Zootaxa, 5005 (1): 1–20. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5005.1.1" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5005.1.1">DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.1.1</a></span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Joseph_S._Nelson" title="Joseph S. Nelson">Joseph S. Nelson</a>: <i>Fishes of the world</i>, Fourth Edition, Wiley &amp; Sons, Hoboken 2006, ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
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